top
In order to meet the MDG 7, roughly
an additional 117 million rural population wouldhave to be connected to
pipedwater or given access to miniwater supply schemes, and an
additional 106 million people have access to household toilets. This
means investment programmes of about Rs 353 billion for water supply
and Rs 53 billion for sanitation in the 11th Plan; and Rs 307 billion
for water supply and Rs 53 billion for sanitation in the 12th Plan.
The Government of India however is
planning to up its investment, and is targeting 100% sanitation
infrastructure coverage by 2012.
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Basic
Indicators
Total population (1000s)- 1,065,462
Under-five mortality rate
(per 1000)- 87
Total adult literacy rate
(%) - 57
Water and Sanitation
Coverage
Water
(%) Sanitation (%)
Urban
96
58
Rural
82
18
Total
86
30
Unicef state of
world's children 2005, WHO/UNICEF 2005 ( downloaded, need to index)
Water,
Environment and Sanitation (WES) India
http://www.unicef.org/wes/files/India_wes.pdf |
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Unhealthy truth about India,
Joginder Singh |
Sanitation, Clean Water For All A Distant Dream,
The Hindustan Times, New Delhi, 18 Oct 2007 |
One fly is deadlier than one hundred tigers,
InfoChange News & Features
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Country Paper India,
Water,
by India Waterportal, 2007 (need
to index)
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The
national policy guiding the water and sanitation sector in India today
is contained in the Eighth Five-Year Plan 1992-97) High
priority was given to The primary responsibility for providing drinking
water and sanitation facilities in the country rests with the State
Governments, and, more specifically, the local bodies in the urban
areas. The Centre provides allocates funds and also ensures that funds
are provided in State budgets, and progressively larger allocations
have been made for water supply and sanitation in the various Five Year
Plans - India Assessment 2002-Water supply and sanitation - Planning
Commission, Government of India.
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India Assessment 2002-Water supply and sanitation - Planning Commission,
Government of India. |
| Guidelines on Central Rural Sanitation Programme
Total Sanitation Campaign |
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All For That Precious Drop, Britain Today, November 2003 |
| India Assessment 2002-Water supply and sanitation - Planning
Commission, Government of India | | and Some Case studies |
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Total Sanitation Programme
Total
Sanitation Programme (TSC) a part of the reform programme was initiated
in 1999 to ensure sanitation facilities in rural areas, with the
broader goal to eradicate the practice of open defecation.
The
Total Sanitation Programme (TSC) is being implemented with the district
as unit on a project mode. A proposal needs to be sent from the
district, and once approved; the campaign is implemented in phases.
The
start-up activities, for which central funds are made available, are
for Information Education & Communication (IEC). These are
location specific and intensive. They should involve Panchayati Raj
Institutions, Co-operatives, Women Groups, Self Help Groups, and NGOs
etc. The IEC strategy should be such that it addresses all sections of
rural population to bring about the relevant behavioural changes for
improved sanitation and hygiene practices.
As
far as the sanitation programme itself is concerned, the TSC does not
provide for a general subsidy for each latrine built. For the BPL
(Below Poverty Line) Families there are incentives in the form of part
subsidy to the tune of Rs 1,200 to construct a toilet.
Subsidy
is also given for constructing toilets in common areas like schools,
anganwadis and women's sanitary complexes.For
the middle level families, TSC aims to provide a choice of hardware and
technologies. Under
this scheme, you can hope to build alternative delivery channels namely
the Rural Sanitary Marts and Production Centres which could be opened
and operated by NGOs/ SHGs/ women Organizations/ Panchayats. Other
essential components of the TSC are the Community Sanitary Complex and
School Sanitation & Hygiene Education. If we have to achieve the millennium development goal of at least 50%
of the Indian population having | toilets by 2015, this roughly
translated to construction of 6000-7000 toilets per second.
Many have
suggested Community Sanitation as the answer to the economic problem.
In fact in some urban areas, people have welcomed these community
toilets or Shauchalayas, evenwhen they have had to pay a fee for usage.
This has meant that NGOs, and more recently and significantly local
peoples' organisations have been able to maintain these thesecommunity
facilities.
However
some experts who have been closely observing the post-tsunami
sanitation scenario believe that there is a need for providing
individual toilets. Also in rural areas the privacy and safety issue
for women and young girls means that toilet facilities will have to be
more convenient than what community toilets can offer.
Under the
TSC programme, each of the districts would be entitled subsidies for
BPL families as well as Community Sanitary Complexes, Rural Production
Centres, and Sanitary Marts. These programmes in conjunction with money
available for Post- Tsunami reconstruction, it could provide a good
vertically integrated solution.
In early
2007, the Tamil Nadu government decided to provide wastewater treatment
systems like FBBR, SPISF and DEWATS only for urban areas i.e. areas
that fall under
Municipal
and Town Panchayat limits. This therefore covers on 73 out of the total
of 205 settlements. It was suggested that it's better to go for soak
pits in the rural settlements
Probably
the basic flaw in the whole demand driven approach of the TSC is that
it presumes that an IEC programmealone is sufficient to create the
demand for sanitation.
In a State
where the progress of post-tsunami rehabilitation has largely been
consistent over the last three years, inappropriately-addressed
sanitation issues have begun to raise a stink.
The
inappropriateness of sanitation projects
implemented in the tsunami-hit districts of the State, especially in
rural, coastal Tamil Nadu, has never been as clear as it has been in
the last six months, when large-scale resettlement to
permanent shelters
took place.
Sanitation
raises a stink in settlements for victims by Ramya Kannan. The Hindu,
Chennai, 26 Dec 2007 [C.eldoc1/d70d/26dec07h1.pdf]
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
The Government of India have restructured the Comprehensive Rural
Sanitation Programme with effect from 1.4.1999 and launched the Total
Sanitation Campaign (TSC). The project envisages a demand-driven
approach with increased stress on awareness building and meeting the
demand with alternate delivery mechanisms. With effect from 1.4.2006,
the sharing pattern
between the Centre and the State is as follows:
a) 80:20 for Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities,
administrative costs, and rural sanitary marts.
b) 60:20:20 for individual household toilets and solid and liquid waste
management and community sanitary complexes, with 20%
contribution from beneficiaries/ Panchayats.
c) 70:30 for School and Anganwadi toilets.
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A Study Report on the Water and Sanitation situation of the Tsunami Affected Districts, May 30, 2005
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| Suggestions for sustainable sanitation in
Tsunami hit regions in South India, 2006 CHRITAS |
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Sanitation raises a stink in settlements for victims, by Ramya Kannan.
The Hindu, Chennai, 26 Dec 2007
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CDD performs Feasibility Studies for Tsunami
Relief Projects, Borda South Asia | | Appropriate sanitation systems for Tsunami
hit Coastal Areas posted by Susmita Posted on : 29.06.07 |
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A
Study Report on the Water and Sanitation situation of the Tsunami
Affected Districts, May 30, 2005
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